Neurosurgery: Understanding Types, Diagnosis, Risks & Treatment Methods
Neurosurgery is a specialized branch of medicine that concentrates on performing surgical interventions to address disorders impacting the nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neurosurgeons, who are extensively trained medical experts, execute intricate surgical techniques to manage a diverse array of neurological ailments. This medical discipline is multifaceted, encompassing different surgical procedures, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities. In this blog, we are going to explore Neurosurgery its types, diagnosis, and treatment methods.Types of Neurosurgery
There are five major types of neurosurgery. Let’s have a look at each one of them in brief.Brain Surgery or Craniotomy
It is a widely recognized procedure that involves the removal of tumours, treatment of vascular abnormalities such as aneurysms, and the management of traumatic brain injuries. Craniotomies are conducted by making an incision in the scalp and creating an opening in the skull to reach the brain.Spinal Surgery
Spinal surgery is a specialized field that deals with conditions that affect the spinal cord and vertebral column. It encompasses various procedures such as tumor surgery, spinal fusion, which aims to stabilize the spine, and discectomy. It involves the removal of herniated discs and laminectomy, which is performed to relieve spinal cord compression.Tumor Surgery
Tumor surgery, or surgical oncology, involves removing abnormal growths to prevent cancer spread and alleviate symptoms. Pre-operative evaluations determine tumor characteristics and surgical plans. Surgeons aim to remove tumors while preserving healthy tissue. Minimally invasive techniques, like laparoscopy, offer smaller incisions and faster recovery. Post-operative care includes monitoring for complications and facilitating rehabilitation. Combined with treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, tumor surgery contributes to comprehensive cancer management, potentially offering a cure or long-term disease control.Peripheral Nerve Surgery
Peripheral nerve surgery is a form of neurosurgery used for addressing issues impacting the peripheral nerves, which serve as the connection between the central nervous system and the body. It may involve repairing damaged nerves, excising tumors that are compressing nerves, or managing conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome.Functional Neurosurgery
Functional neurosurgery encompasses interventions aimed at relieving symptoms linked to neurological conditions. Deep brain stimulation and thalamotomy are among the methods employed to address ailments such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremors, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.Pediatric Neurosurgery
Pediatric Neurosurgery involves performing surgical procedures to address neurological disorders in children. These procedures may encompass correcting congenital abnormalities, eliminating brain tumors, or managing conditions such as hydrocephalus.Diagnosis Methods of Neurosurgery
Accurate diagnosis plays a crucial role in neurosurgery as it helps determine the most suitable treatment approach. Various diagnostic techniques are frequently employed, including radiological imaging methods like CT scans and MRI, which offer detailed images of the brain and spine. These imaging techniques enable neurosurgeons to identify any abnormalities, tumors, or structural problems. Additionally, EEG (electroencephalography) is utilized to measure the electrical activity in the brain, aiding in the diagnosis of conditions such as epilepsy and monitoring brain function during surgical procedures. In certain instances, a lumbar puncture or spinal tap is employed to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal to analyze its composition to detect signs of infection, bleeding, or any other irregularities. Neurologists and neurosurgeons also conduct thorough physical and neurological examinations to evaluate a patient’s symptoms, reflexes, and coordination. Neuropsychological testing comprises a range of cognitive and psychological tests to assess a patient’s cognitive function, memory, and emotional state.Risks of Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery may lead to various risks, such as: Impairment of function: This may involve difficulties in speaking, walking, or thinking. Cerebral swelling: Referred to as brain oedema or increased intracranial pressure (ICP), this can trigger seizures. Seizures: Also known as convulsions, these can occur as an immediate consequence. Additional complications: These encompass cranial nerve palsies, ischemic infarction, and speech-related issues.Additional risks may involve – Headaches – Weakness – Dizziness – Impaired balance or coordination – Alterations in personality or behaviour – Memory impairment – Stroke – Meningitis – Spinal fluid leakage – Brain blood clot or bleeding – Brain, wound, or skull infection Typically, individuals can resume work and regular activities within six weeks to three months post-surgery. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in restoring these abilities.